Finally got it!
I don't know why it works, but it does.
add_dependencies(environment ${PROJECT_NAME}_generate_messages_cpp ROSLITE_HOOK)
[...]
## Generate Doxygen files
add_custom_command(OUTPUT rosdoc_output
COMMAND rosdoc_lite $(rospack find last_letter) -o $(rospack find last_letter)/doc
)
add_custom_target(ROSLITE_HOOK DEPENDS rosdoc_output)
EDIT: In the end, I did it in the following way. The previous didn't work as expected:
## Generate package documentation with rosdoc_lite
execute_process(COMMAND rospack find last_letter
OUTPUT_VARIABLE LAST_LETTER_DIR OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
execute_process(COMMAND rosdoc_lite -o ${LAST_LETTER_DIR}/doc/doxygen_rosdoc_lite ${LAST_LETTER_DIR} )