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ROS is a callback-based system, so on that level, the answer is that you have to do all of the processing in the callback. You can, of course, work around this by using the callback to store the image somewhere, and the working on it later, or in another thread, or something like that.

What would help people answer your question, though, is an explanation of why you don't want to do the processing in the callback function. Without knowing what you want to do, it's hard to offer concrete advice.