How to fix a Jenkins error?

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Do I have to do anything else in order to make Jenkins build from the updated repo?

yes: you have to do a Bloom release of the fixed version. Jenkins (the buildfarm really) will only build released versions of your packages. It does not make a clone of HEAD.

PS:

the binary builds of my package in Jenkins failed with a dependency error. I fixed the error in my CMakeLists.txt file and updated the Github repo accordingly.

To catch these kind of things before you push a new release, you can do a prerelease test run, see wiki/bloom/Tutorials/PrereleaseTest.