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What command did you use? "rosmake openni_kinect"? Also, note that as documented at http://www.ros.org/wiki/ni , the ni stack is deprecated in favor of the openni_kinect stack.
Looks like you are missing the libusb. Try installing the Ubuntu package libusb-1.0.0 and build again. What I don't get is why rosdep didn't complain, because openni_camera depends on libusb-1.0.0 (in its manifest.xml file).
Free bonus tip (how to debug this kind of error):
Find the line that caused the error:
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lusb
This means the linker (ld) cannot find a file called libusb*.so*. Go to http://packages.ubuntu.com/ and search for packages containing files whose name contains libusb.
Yes, that was what I was wondering about. Doesn't the line "rosdep check passed all system dependencies in packages" mean that all rosdep dependencies are satisfied, and so "rosmake --rosdep-install openni_camera" shouldn't install anything?
That's my thought too... though maybe openni_camera at the time wasn't quite right. Based on those directory paths, it looks like @Juno is installing the deprecated "ni" stack and not the actually support "openni_kinect" stack. It's possible NI stack's dependencies aren't quite right anymore.