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A couple things:

1. You can absolutely fuse pose data from odometry. It's just a pose measurement like any other. It gets applied in the correction phase like any other measurement (i.e., z is just the [X Y theta] of your odometry measurement).
2. If you just fuse pose data from the wheel odometry, the EKF will end up with non-zero values in its velocities (the magic of matrix inversion). However, it is wise to have a velocity reference instead (or as well) so that prediction is more accurate.