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The laser data and the inflated obstacle map are relative to the robot; not to the global map. This is why the laser data and the inflated obstacle map move when you update the position of the robot.
AMCL is a particle filter which tracks the position of the robot relative to the global map. "2D Pose Estimate" tells AMCL to reinitialize the position of the robot with the pose you give it. Updating the pose in AMCL only updates the robot's position with respect to the global map (the laser scans and inflated obstacles remain relative to the robot).
By giving the robot a pose that is offset from the real world, you're giving AMCL incorrect input, and making your robot "lost". AMCL may eventually (by random sampling) figure out the correct position of the robot, but until then it will be rather lost.
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