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Problem solved: The (new?) Ubuntu 20.04 firewall was blocking the ROS communication
Thanks for the quick and competent answers.

In the end I followed the suggestions how to debug the network connection as proposed in http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/NetworkSetup. Doing this I realized, that ping worked but I could not establish a connection using netcat -l 11311 on the PC and netcat 192.168.6.1 11311 on the BeagleBone. Hence it became clear that my BeagleBone could not reach his ROS-Master via ROS_MASTER_URI=http://192.168.6.1:11311/ :-(

My problem came up because I switched from Ubuntu 18.04 to 20.04 on the PC. Honestly I never heard anything about a firewall on Ubuntu 18.04. But actually on Ubuntu 20.04 a firewall is set active by default. But it is possible to deactivate the Ubuntu 20.04 firewall:

master@ssdtogo:~/Work$ sudo ufw status
Status: Aktiv
master@ssdtogo:~/Work$ sudo ufw disable
Firewall gestoppt und beim Systemstart deaktiviert
master@ssdtogo:~/Work$ sudo ufw status
Status: Inaktiv

Now everything works fine. Has anybody any suggestions how to safely deactivate the Ubuntu 20.04 firewall - I mean to only set en exception for the ROS communication?

Problem solved: The (new?) Ubuntu 20.04 firewall was blocking the ROS communication

Thanks for the quick and competent answers.

In the end I followed the suggestions how to debug the network connection as proposed in http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/NetworkSetup. Doing this I realized, that ping worked but I could not establish a connection using netcat -l 11311 on the PC and netcat 192.168.6.1 11311 on the BeagleBone. Hence it became clear that my BeagleBone could not reach his ROS-Master via ROS_MASTER_URI=http://192.168.6.1:11311/ :-(

My problem came up because I switched from Ubuntu 18.04 to 20.04 on the PC. Honestly I never heard anything about a firewall on Ubuntu 18.04. But actually on Ubuntu 20.04 a firewall is set active by default. But it is possible to deactivate the Ubuntu 20.04 firewall:

master@ssdtogo:~/Work$ sudo ufw status
Status: Aktiv
master@ssdtogo:~/Work$ sudo ufw disable
Firewall gestoppt und beim Systemstart deaktiviert
master@ssdtogo:~/Work$ sudo ufw status
Status: Inaktiv

Now everything works fine. Has anybody any suggestions how to safely deactivate the Ubuntu 20.04 firewall - I mean to only set en an exception for the ROS communication?