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If you look at Coordinate Frames and Transforming Sensor Data you'll notice that pose data is interpreted relative to the world frame, while twist data is interpreted relative to the base_link frame.
One proper way of providing the data would thus be to compute the velocity from the encoder ticks and time between encoder reads and then provide a nav_msgs/Odometry message with the correct velocity set in the twist/twist/linear/x
field. This can then be fed into robot_localization (the correct field has to be set to "true" for the config of course).