Revolute joint disobeying limits in Gazebo

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the gazebo_ros2_control position control interface implementation sets joint positions directly. There's no underlying controller - no PID, no bang-bang. You give it a position, and it automagically sets the simulated joint to that position (relevant code here). This will disregard physics, joint limits whatever.

There are at least two approaches if you want a more reasonable "control response". You could either:

a) generate joint trajectories that follow a smooth path and look good, and continue to use the position interface. If you look carefully, the joint would still be "snapping" to each of the intermediate positions, but it would effectively animate the desired motion. You have the added benefit here that things should do exactly what you tell them to do; no controller tuning required, no overshoot, etc. This is probably the intended purpose of the position interface in gazebo - for kinematic simulation. There are a number of tools that can do trajectory generation for you (e.g. moveit, ruckig), or you can write your own for your own needs.

b) if you care about dynamics, you'll want to use the velocity or ideally effort command interface, and have a controller that is tuned to get the the response you're expecting. Like the position interface, the velocity and effort control interfaces are "naive" in that they don't care about higher order limits. The velocity interface doesn't care about acceleration/effort limits, and the effort interface won't care about jerk limits. I don't even think they respect their own limits (e.g. I don't believe anything stops you from setting a higher velocity than the specified joint velocity limit). Anyways, depending on the complexity of your simulated hardware this could be simple or quite involved. For instance, the Gazebo physics engine struggles a bit with serial chain manipulators and creating a stable controller for that might involve a fair bit of tuning gains and the physics settings. If you go this route, the ros2_controllers package has some controller templates that you might find useful for this (e.g. the admittance controller or the joint_trajectory_controller which supports PID parameters to output velocity/effort)