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This error can occur if the target library is being installed to a directory that dh_shlibdeps doesn't expect.
I first encountered an issue like this one when producing the very first ROS 2 beta 2 debs shortly after joining Open Robotics (and I'm sad to say that in all this time I haven't taken the time to investigate the issue to my satisfaction. We ended up adding patches in the bloom-generated debian/rules.em
templates which explicitly add the directory containing the "missing" library to the dh_shlibdeps search string.
We used to add these patches to affected packages' bloom templates for each new rosdistro's bootstrap process but discovered that no patch is needed when building on/for Ubuntu 18.04. I'm sad to say that I assumed the change was a "bug fix" in the build pipeline and didn't follow up at all and so I was quite surprised to see the problem return in Ubuntu 20.04.
I think a patch similar to the one above to the debian/rules.em
template file in your bloom repository will resolve the issue but I don't have a deeper understanding of the problem to know if there's a "better" solution out there. If I ever dive into this mystery I will come back and update the answer.