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AMCL will generate the map -> ODOM transform so it does need the ODOM frame to exist, but you do not need wheel odometry to get the ODOM frame. You can use laser scan matcher that will generate odometry for you based on laser scan.
http://wiki.ros.org/laser_scan_matcher
The scan matcher requires that there be features present in the scan data so there must be stable things in the environment for scan matcher to use as reference. Of course AMCL also requires features be in the map so I guess that question is answered.