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Its like publishing anything else.

Setup a Publisher, fill in the Message and publish it.

Here is a completely senseless example but gives you perhaps an idea:

#include "ros/ros.h"
#include <diagnostic_msgs/DiagnosticArray.h>
#include <diagnostic_msgs/DiagnosticStatus.h>
#include <diagnostic_msgs/KeyValue.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  ros::init(argc, argv, "diagnostics");
  ros::NodeHandle nh;

  ros::Publisher diagnostic_pub = nh.advertise<diagnostic_msgs::DiagnosticArray>("/diagnostics", 1);

  ros::Rate loop_rate(10);
  while (ros::ok())
  {
    diagnostic_msgs::DiagnosticArray dia_array;
    diagnostic_msgs::DiagnosticStatus robot_status;
    robot_status.name = "Robot";
    robot_status.level = diagnostic_msgs::DiagnosticStatus::OK;
    robot_status.message = "Everything seem to be ok.";
    diagnostic_msgs::KeyValue emergency;
    emergency.key = "Emgergencystop hit";
    emergency.value = "false";
    diagnostic_msgs::KeyValue exited_normally;
    emergency.key = "Exited normally";
    emergency.value = "true";

    robot_status.values.push_back(emergency);
    robot_status.values.push_back(exited_normally);

    diagnostic_msgs::DiagnosticStatus  eth_status;
    eth_status.name = "EtherCAT Master";
    eth_status.level = diagnostic_msgs::DiagnosticStatus::OK;
    eth_status.message = "Running";

    dia_array.status.push_back(robot_status);
    dia_array.status.push_back(eth_status);

    diagnostic_pub.publish(dia_array);

    ros::spinOnce();

    loop_rate.sleep();
  }

  return 0;
}