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First of all, If you want to use the ur_modern_driver, which you must if you're running PolyScope 3.X, you should use the launchfiles from that package. Instead of roslaunch ur_bringup ur5.... Try with

roslaunch ur_modern_driver ur5_bringup.launch robot_ip:=IP.OF.YOUR.UR

For testing, I'd say the test_move.py in ur_driver should work fine once the driver is running (i.e. do not kill the driver to run the next command, but do it in a new terminal instead). However, it might make your life easier if you try with the test_move.py script in the modern driver package with

rosrun ur_modern_driver test_move.py

On the second half of your question, you mention several issues (e.g. roslaunch failing to find ur_bringup, the error about failing to get the firmware version, stuff magically behaving differently after the weekend) which suggest you're not being careful enough when trying this. Please, try the two commands I typed for you above, in separate terminals, making sure to run source ~/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash in each terminal before either the roslaunch or rosrun commands, and report back with any errors you encounter.