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Here is a list of things that, if not done, could make the marker not show up as expected:

• Set the scale of the marker. By default, the scale is (0,0,0), which will make the marker infinitesimal and therefore invisible.
• Make sure the transparency is set. By default, the 'a' field of the marker color is 0, which will make the marker completely transparent.
• Set the orientation of the marker. By default, all quaternion parameters are zero, which is an invalid quaternion. Set w to 1 to initialize the orientation.
• Update the time stamp of the marker when you update its properties.
• Make sure the frame ID of the marker exists in the TF tree, or is the same frame as the fixed frame in Rviz.
• If publishing a marker array, make sure the 'id' field of each array element is unique. Otherwise, only the marker that was added last will appear.

If all of the above points are verified, then do a sanity check on the position of the marker. The simplest way is to 'rostopic info' the marker topic. Make sure the coordinates make sense.

I hope this helps!