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See the Map Management Parameters of the costmap_2d docs. Specifically, the resolution parameter is what you are looking for - it specifies the meters/cell for the costmap.

Note that that parameter (as well as the other size related parameters like width and height) only apply to rolling maps - if you are using a static_map, these parameters are pulled from the metadata of the static map. See the OccupancyGrid message for details on the information that comes along with the static_map from the map_server.