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A static map gets loaded once during startup (or at least that´s the most common usage) and does not get modified over time. During Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM), the map changes over time as the robot localizes itself in the environment and updates the map.

A .pgm map is essentially just an image file and it does not matter in which way it was created (gmapping, hector_mapping or even just drawing it yourself). You can open a map created with gmapping using some image editor, change parts of it, save it and then use it as a static map for AMCL.